Rhetorical Synthesis

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• J.R.R. Tolkien's 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.

• The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters use on their quest.

• This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter.

• The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters' journey.

• That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just read.

The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Hobbit's opening map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to enter, while the closing map allows them to reconstruct the story they have just read.

B) The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a reproduction of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well as a map that appears at the end of the novel.

C) The Hobbit's two maps, one opening and one closing the novel, each serve a purpose for readers.

D) In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel featuring both an opening and a closing map.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Charles Bertram Johnson (1880-1958) was an African American poet.
• Johnson also worked as an educator and minister.
• "Old Things" is a poem by Johnson.
• It was published in the March 1923 issue of The Crisis.
• The Crisis is an influential Black literary magazine.

The student wants to provide an example of a poem by Johnson. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Johnson was an African American poet, educator, and minister.

B) Johnson published poetry in a literary magazine called The Crisis.

C) One example of a poem by Johnson is "Old Things" (1923).

D) The Crisis is an influential Black literary magazine that has published poetry.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Komodo dragons are the largest lizards in the world.
• They live on four islands in Komodo National Park, Indonesia.
• The park has a total of twenty-nine islands.

The student wants to emphasize how many islands in Komodo National Park have Komodo dragons living on them. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Komodo dragons, the world’s largest lizards, live on islands in Komodo National Park, Indonesia.

B) The largest lizards in the world are found in Komodo National Park.

C) Only four of the twenty-nine islands in Komodo National Park have Komodo dragons living on them.

D) There are twenty-nine islands in Indonesia’s Komodo National Park.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• An isthmus is a strip of land that connects two larger pieces of land across an expanse of water.
• It is also known as a land bridge.
• The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is located in Mexico.
• It connects the southern tip of Mexico to the northern part of Mexico.

The student wants to provide a specific example of an isthmus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) There is a land bridge in Mexico.

B) One example of an isthmus is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico.

C) An isthmus, also known as a land bridge, is a strip of land that connects two larger pieces of land across an expanse of water.

D) In Mexico, the southern tip of Mexico is connected to the northern part of Mexico.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Kurt Vonnegut was an acclaimed American writer.
• His first published work of fiction was a short story called "Report on the Barnhouse Effect."
• It was published in 1950 in Collier's.
• Its publication introduced Vonnegut's work to a wider audience.

The student wants to indicate the year "Report on the Barnhouse Effect" was published. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) "Report on the Barnhouse Effect," a short story, was Kurt Vonnegut's first published work of fiction.

B) Acclaimed writer Kurt Vonnegut's first published work of fiction appeared in Collier's.

C) The publication of "Report on the Barnhouse Effect" introduced Kurt Vonnegut's work to a wider audience.

D) Kurt Vonnegut's short story "Report on the Barnhouse Effect" was published in 1950.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The High Ore Line Trail is located in Alabama.
• It was created from a former railroad corridor.
• Visitors can use the trail for a variety of recreational activities.
• These include walking, biking, and in-line skating.

The student wants to list activities that the High Ore Line Trail can be used for. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Railroad corridors can be used to create trails, one of these being the High Ore Line Trail.

B) The High Ore Line Trail was created from a former railroad corridor.

C) Located in Alabama, the High Ore Line Trail is open to visitors.

D) The High Ore Line Trail can be used for walking, biking, and in-line skating.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
• The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
• It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
• It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
• Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

B) Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”

C) The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

D) The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• Painter Anselm Kiefer of Germany won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1985.
• Kiefer’s winning artwork was a painting entitled Midgard.
• Sculptor Jean Arp of Germany won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1964.
• Arp’s winning artwork was a sculpture entitled Sculpture Classique.

The student wants to contrast the two artworks. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Kiefer’s Midgard is a painting, while Arp’s Sculpture Classique is a sculpture.

B) Kiefer won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1985 for the painting Midgard.

C) Carnegie Prize gold medals have been awarded to both painters and sculptors.

D) Both Midgard and Sculpture Classique are Carnegie Prize gold medal-winning artworks.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A merchant ship is any ship hired to carry cargo or passengers.
• A ship's carrying capacity is also known as its deadweight tonnage (DWT).
• In 2021, there were a total of 1,323 merchant ships registered in the Bahamas.
• The combined DWT of these ships was 74.3 million tons.

The student wants to emphasize the combined deadweight tonnage of the Bahamas' merchant ships in 2021.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The carrying capacity of a merchant ship is also known as deadweight tonnage.

B) In 2021, the Bahamas had 1,323 merchant ships hired to carry cargo or passengers.

C) Combined, the Bahamas' merchant ships had a deadweight tonnage of 74.3 million tons in 2021.

D) There were a total of 1,323 merchant ships—ships hired to carry cargo or passengers—registered in the Bahamas in 2021.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Elizabeth Catlett (1915-2012) was a celebrated African American artist.
• She is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
• Recognition is a 1970 marble sculpture by Catlett.
• Stepping Out is a 2000 bronze sculpture by Catlett.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Both Recognition and Stepping Out are sculptures by celebrated artist Elizabeth Catlett.

B) Elizabeth Catlett was a celebrated artist who created prints as well as sculptures.

C) Recognition is a marble sculpture that Elizabeth Catlett created in 1970.

D) In contrast to the sculpture Recognition, which is made of marble, the sculpture Stepping Out is made of bronze.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Great Salt Lake is located in northern Utah.
• Brine shrimp thrive in the lake's salty water.
• Wilson's phalaropes are migratory birds.
• They stop at the Great Salt Lake during migration.
• They feed on the brine shrimp.

The student wants to specify one thing that Wilson's phalaropes do when they stop at the Great Salt Lake during migration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) During migration, Wilson's phalaropes stop at the Great Salt Lake located in Utah.

B) The Great Salt Lake is a place where birds called Wilson's phalaropes stop during migration.

C) Brine shrimp thrive in the Great Salt Lake's salty water.

D) When Wilson's phalaropes stop at the Great Salt Lake during migration, they feed on brine shrimp.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In a 2012 study, Dybzinski and Tilman tested the effect of plant litter on seedling emergence in a grassland setting.
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other plant material.
• The test site was a flooded grassland in the United States.
• It was in a temperate midlatitude climate.
• The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the presence of plant litter had a negative effect on seedling emergence.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to specify the test site's climate?

A) Dybzinski and Tilman tested the effect of dead leaves and other plant material on seedling emergence in the United States.

B) In a 2012 study, Dybzinski and Tilman found that the presence of plant litter had a negative effect on seedling emergence.

C) Dybzinski and Tilman's study was conducted in a temperate midlatitude climate.

D) A test was conducted in the United States to study the effect of plant litter on seedling emergence in a given climate.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
• Hina Hanta means "bright path" in Choctaw.
• It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.
• It includes a fanner basket (ufko tapushik in Choctaw) made from cane.
• It includes a robe (nita anchi) made from bear fur.

The student wants to specify the fanner basket's name in Choctaw. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Hina Hanta archive features cultural artifacts, such as a fanner basket and a robe, that are relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.

B) The cane fanner basket, which is included in the Hina Hanta online archive, is called an ufko tapushik in Choctaw.

C) Hina Hanta, which means "bright path" in Choctaw, includes a fanner basket in its archive.

D) The name of the online archive Hina Hanta means "bright path" in Choctaw.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The false killer whale is a mammal species.
• It was believed to be extinct until a living false killer whale was identified in Denmark in 1861.
• The Banggai crow is a bird species.
• It was believed to be extinct until a living Banggai crow was identified in Indonesia in 2007.
• They are considered Lazarus species.
• "Lazarus species" is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be extinct.

The student wants to specify when the false killer whale was identified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Identified in Indonesia, a living Banggai crow was found in 2007.

B) An example of a Lazarus species was found in 2007.

C) Previously believed to be extinct, a living false killer whale was identified in Denmark.

D) A living false killer whale, once believed to be extinct, was identified in 1861.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Danube River is in Europe.
• It is the second longest river in Europe.
• It crosses the countries Hungary and Romania.
• It ranks No. 30 among the longest rivers in the world.
• It is 2,888 kilometers long.

The student wants to specify how many kilometers long the Danube River is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Danube River crosses both Hungary and Romania in Europe.

B) Among the longest rivers in the world, the Danube River ranks No. 30.

C) The second longest river in Europe, the Danube River crosses both Hungary and Romania.

D) The Danube River in Europe is 2,888 kilometers long.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Colorado River is the eighth longest river in North America.
• It passes through the country of Mexico.
• It passes through the country of the United States.
• It ranks No. 46 among the longest rivers in the world.
• It is 2,333 kilometers long.

The student wants to specify which countries the Colorado River passes through. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The eighth longest river in North America, the Colorado River passes through both Mexico and the United States.

B) The Colorado River is not the longest river in the world.

C) Among the longest rivers in the world, the Colorado River ranks No. 46.

D) At 2,333 kilometers long, the Colorado River is the eighth longest river in North America.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.
• C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.
• They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.
• S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
• They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Planetary scientists classify asteroids into types, two of which are the C-type and the S-type.

B) Planetary scientists consider an asteroid’s composition (such as whether the asteroid is composed mainly of silicate minerals or carbon) when classifying it.

C) Roughly 17 percent of known asteroids are classified as S-type asteroids; another percentage is classified as C-type asteroids.

D) C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, whereas S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition.
• It is administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• One Carnegie Prize gold medal winner is Cecilia Beaux of the US.
• Beaux’s painting Mother and Daughter was honored in 1899.

The student wants to indicate the name of the artist who created the prize-winning painting Mother and Daughter. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, administers a competition honoring outstanding artworks.

B) The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art.

C) The prize-winning painting Mother and Daughter is by the artist Cecilia Beaux.

D) In 1899, an artist from the US won a Carnegie Prize gold medal.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• There are around 90 automated snow measurement sites in Wyoming.
• One site is at Cottonwood Creek.
• At the start of February 2021, the site's snow depth was 75 inches.
• At the start of March 2021, the site's snow depth was 50 inches.

The student wants to specify the snow depth at Cottonwood Creek at the start of March 2021. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In 2021, the site at Cottonwood Creek was one of about 90 automated snow measurement stations in Wyoming

B) At the Cottonwood Creek site, there were 75 inches of snow on the ground at the start of February 2021.

C) Located in Wyoming, the Cottonwood Creek site monitors snow conditions, such as snow depth

D) At the start of March 2021, 50 inches of snow covered the ground at the Cottonwood Creek site.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Dnieper River is in Europe.
• It ranks No. 48 among the longest rivers in the world.
• It is 2,287 kilometers long.
• The Indus River is in Asia.
• It ranks No. 19 among the longest rivers in the world.
• It is 3,610 kilometers long.

The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rivers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Indus River is in Asia, whereas the Dnieper River is located in Europe.

B) The Dnieper River is shorter than the Indus River.

C) The Dnieper River in Europe is 2,287 kilometers long.

D) Among the longest rivers in the world, the Indus River is ranked No. 19

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Save Me is a 2018 sculpture by American artist Olivia Steele.
• It is crafted from pink neon lighting that spells out the title phrase (“save me”).
• Harvest Moon is a 2013 sculpture by British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood.
• It is crafted from yellow neon lighting that forms an abstract moon shape.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Both Steele’s and Dawood’s sculptures are crafted from neon lighting.

B) Dawood’s sculpture Harvest Moon consists of yellow neon lighting in an abstract moon shape.

C) Rather than spelling out a phrase, Dawood’s sculpture forms an abstract moon shape.

D) The neon lighting in Save Me is pink, but the lighting in Harvest Moon is yellow.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The cuneiform script is the earliest known set of symbols used for writing.
• Sumerian was one of the first languages to be written using the cuneiform script.
• Sumerian was a language in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
• Clay tablets with Sumerian writing have been found there.
• Some of these tablets are almost 5,000 years old.

The student wants to identify a language that was written using the cuneiform script. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Examples of Mesopotamian writing that are nearly 5,000 years old have been found.

B) Clay tablets with cuneiform script have been found in present-day Iraq.

C) A language in ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform script for writing.

D) Sumerian, an ancient Mesopotamian language, was written using the cuneiform script.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• Sheet music contains many notations that instruct the musician on how to perform the piece.
• The notation pp stands for pianissimo.
• It means the piece should be performed at a very quiet volume.
• The notation mf stands for mezzo forte.
• It means the piece should be performed at a moderately loud volume.

The student wants to explain what pp stands for in sheet music. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Pianissimo and mezzo forte are two examples of notations that can appear on sheet music

B) The notation mf, which stands for mezzo forte, is used in sheet music

C) In sheet music, the notation pp stands for pianissimo, which means the piece should be performed very quietly.

D) A piece of sheet music can contain a range of notations, such as pp or mf.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genes.
• Genes carry critical instructions for determining an organism's physical traits.
• Members of the same species typically have the same number of chromosomes.
• The pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the melon (Cucumis melo) are species of fruits.
• The pineapple has fifty chromosomes.
• The melon has twenty-four chromosomes.

The student wants to specify how many chromosomes the pineapple has. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The pineapple's chromosomes contain genes, which are critical to determining an organism's physical traits.

B) The pineapple (Ananas comosus) has fifty chromosomes.

C) The pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the melon (Cucumis melo) both have chromosomes, but the pineapple has more than the melon does.

D) The melon, a species of fruit, has twenty-four structures called chromosomes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Sue is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Field Museum of Natural History.
• The Field Museum of Natural History is located in Chicago, Illinois.
• Sue is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.
• Big Mike is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen housed at the Museum of the Rockies.
• The Museum of the Rockies is located in Bozeman, Montana.
• Big Mike is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two specimens. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Field Museum of Natural History, where Sue is housed, is located in Chicago, Illinois.

B) Big Mike is the nickname of a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana.

C) The dinosaur fossil specimens Sue and Big Mike are both members of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

D) While Sue is housed at the Field Museum of Natural History, Big Mike is housed at the Museum of the Rockies.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Extravehicular activities (EVAs) are activities performed outside a spacecraft by astronauts in outer space.
• EVAs are also known as spacewalks.
• Jerry Ross is a former US astronaut who has performed 9 spacewalks.
• The total time of Ross’s spacewalks was 58 hours and 32 minutes.
• Joseph Acaba is a US astronaut who has performed 3 spacewalks.
• The total time of Acaba’s spacewalks was 19 hours and 46 minutes.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the astronauts Ross and Acaba. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ross and Acaba have each performed multiple spacewalks.

B) Ross has performed spacewalks, but Acaba has performed EVAs.

C) EVAs, also known as spacewalks, are activities done by astronauts outside a spacecraft.

D) Acaba has spent less time performing spacewalks than Ross has.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Blueberries are fruits that contain ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
• Every 100 grams (g) of blueberries contains 10 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid.
• Many animals can make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but humans cannot.
• Humans must get ascorbic acid from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to specify how much vitamin C is in blueberries. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) There is 10 mg of vitamin C in every 100 g of blueberries.

B) Since humans cannot make vitamin C in their bodies, they must get this essential nutrient from foods like blueberries.

C) Blueberries contain vitamin C, which humans must get from food.

D) Many animals can make ascorbic acid, which is also known as vitamin C, in their bodies, but humans cannot.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Pisaflores is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• It had a population of 18,723 in 2020.
• Metztitlán is a municipality in Hidalgo.
• It had a population of 20,962 in 2020.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Pisaflores and Metztitlán. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Pisaflores is one of 84 governmental regions, known as municipalities, in Hidalgo, Mexico.

B) Both Pisaflores and Metztitlán are municipalities in Hidalgo, Mexico.

C) As a municipality of Hidalgo, Metztitlán is responsible for providing many public services.

D) As of 2020, Pisaflores was not as populous as Metztitlán.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Horridus is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
• The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.
• Horridus is a member of the genus Triceratops.
• Horridus is on display at the Melbourne Museum.
• The Melbourne Museum is in Melbourne, Australia.

The student wants to specify Horridus's location. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Melbourne, Australia, is home to the Melbourne Museum, which displays a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.

B) Horridus lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years ago.

C) Horridus is on display at the Melbourne Museum in Melbourne, Australia.

D) Horridus is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen belonging to the genus Triceratops.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Tlahuelilpan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• Tlahuelilpan's population was 17,153 in 2010.
• Its population was 19,067 in 2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

The student wants to compare Tlahuelilpan's 2020 population with its 2010 population. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In 2020, the municipality of Tlahuelilpan had a population of 19,067.

B) Tlahuelilpan is one of 84 governmental regions, known as municipalities, in Hidalgo, Mexico.

C) As a municipality in Hidalgo, Tlahuelilpan is responsible for providing many public services to its population.

D) In 2020, Tlahuelilpan's population was greater than what it had been ten years earlier.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Thailand's annual Songkran Water Festival is held each April.
• It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
• People splash and spray each other for fun at the festival's community-wide water fights.
• In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom Road for the city's largest water fight.
• In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a historical monument called the Tha Phae Gate for the city's largest water fight.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how people in Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran, but they don't do so in exactly the same way.

B) Each April, people in Thailand celebrate Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.

C) The largest water fight in Bangkok takes place along a city street, whereas the largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes place at a historical monument.

D) In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai, thousands gather to celebrate Songkran with water fights.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2017, a research team led by Mary Caswell Stoddard determined the average lengths of eggs produced by various bird species.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus is a species of bird in the order Passeriformes.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus eggs had an average length of 1.80 cm.
• Alcedo atthis is a species of bird in the order Coraciiformes.
• Alcedo atthis eggs had an average length of 2.19 cm.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the eggs of the two species?

A) A 2017 study compared the lengths of eggs produced by an array of different bird species, such as Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Alcedo atthis.

B) The bird species Acrocephalus scirpaceus, which belongs to the order Passeriformes, and Alcedo atthis, of the order Coraciiformes, were included in a 2017 study that compared the average lengths of their eggs.

C) Mary Caswell Stoddard led a research study that determined the average lengths of eggs, including those of Acrocephalus scirpaceus birds (1.80 cm) and Alcedo atthis birds (2.19 cm).

D) A 2017 study found that Acrocephalus scirpaceus eggs had an average length of 1.80 cm, whereas Alcedo atthis eggs were longer, with an average length of 2.19 cm.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Horridus is the nickname of a Triceratops fossil specimen housed at the Melbourne Museum.
• The Melbourne Museum is located in Melbourne, Australia.
• Horridus lived in the Late Cretaceous period.
• Dio is the nickname of a Triceratops fossil specimen housed at the Royal Ontario Museum.
• The Royal Ontario Museum is located in Ontario, Canada.
• Dio lived in the Late Cretaceous period.

The student wants to contrast the locations of the two specimens. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Like Horridus, Dio is a Triceratops fossil specimen that lived in the Late Cretaceous period.

B) The Royal Ontario Museum in Ontario, Canada, houses Dio, a Triceratops fossil specimen.

C) The Triceratops fossil specimen Horridus is not the only such specimen currently housed in a museum or institute.

D) Horridus is housed at the Melbourne Museum in Melbourne, Australia, while Dio is housed at the Royal Ontario Museum in Ontario, Canada.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Great Salt Lake in Utah is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.
• The northern portion of the lake has a higher concentration of salt than the southern portion.
• Aquatic insects called Ephydra cinerea live in the southern portion.
• Bacteria called Achromobacter live in the southern portion.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between Ephydra cinerea and Achromobacter. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ephydra cinerea and Achromobacter are different types of organisms: Ephydra cinerea are aquatic insects, whereas Achromobacter are bacteria.

B) The northern portion of the Great Salt Lake has a higher concentration of salt than does the southern portion.

C) Ephydra cinerea and Achromobacter both live in the Great Salt Lake's southern portion.

D) Ephydra cinerea are aquatic insects that live in the southern portion of the Great Salt Lake.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Receptors in the human tongue can detect sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness, and umami.
• Umami is a rich, savory flavor.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including beef and caramelized onions.
• Participants in a research study tasted samples of winged kelp (a type of brown seaweed) collected from Stykkishólmur, Iceland.
• On average, they rated its umami intensity as moderate.

The student wants to emphasize the umami intensity of winged kelp. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Participants in a research study found the umami intensity of winged kelp, a brown seaweed, to be moderate.

B) Umami is triggered by compounds in winged kelp, beef, and caramelized onions.

C) Samples of winged kelp, a brown seaweed, have been collected in Stykkishólmur, Iceland.

D) Umami is a rich, savory flavor triggered by compounds in foods such as beef and caramelized onions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute in India sought to limit the country's dependence on imported sugarcane.
• The institute enlisted botanist Janaki Ammal to breed a local variety of sugarcane.
• She crossbred the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with grasses native to India.
• She succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India's climate.

The student wants to emphasize Janaki Ammal's achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) By crossbreeding the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with grasses native to India, Ammal succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India's climate.

B) In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute, which enlisted Ammal, sought to limit dependence on imported sugarcane.

C) Ammal was enlisted by the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute at a time when a local variety of sugarcane needed to be produced.

D) As part of efforts to breed a local variety of sugarcane, an imported sugarcane species called Saccharum officinarum was crossbred with grasses native to India.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Microserfs (1995) is an epistolary novel by Canadian author Douglas Coupland.
• Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents.
• These documents can be letters, journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
• Microserfs consists primarily of journal entries.
• The journal entries are written by a man employed by a technology company.

The student wants to define the term "epistolary novel." Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) An epistolary novel is a novel written primarily as a series of fictional documents, such as letters, journal entries, or newspaper clippings.

B) Douglas Coupland's novel Microserfs was published in 1995 and consists primarily of journal entries written by a man employed by a technology company.

C) Consisting primarily of journal entries written by a man employed by a technology company, Douglas Coupland's Microserfs is an epistolary novel.

D) An epistolary novel is a type of novel that, like Microserfs, uses journal entries to tell a story.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A U-shaped curve in a river channel is called a meander.
• A meander forms when water erodes sediment from one side of the riverbank and redeposits that sediment on the opposite side.
• Meanders will gradually change shape and migrate downstream over time.
• A river with high sinuosity has many meanders, and a river with low sinuosity has few.
• The Willapa River in the United States has high sinuosity.

The student wants to define the term "high-sinuosity river." Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A high-sinuosity river is one that has many meanders, or U-shaped curves.

B) A high-sinuosity river has U-shaped curves called meanders that will gradually change shape and shift downstream.

C) High sinuosity is caused by the erosion and redepositing of sediment in a riverbank over time.

D) Over time, the many meanders in the high-sinuosity Willapa River will change shape and migrate downstream.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Certhidea olivacea is a perching bird that can be found on the Galápagos Island of Pinzón.
• Creagrus furcatus is a seabird that can be found on the Galápagos Island of Darwin.
• Conservation organizations evaluate the risk that bird species will become extinct in the near future.
• C. olivacea faces a high risk of extinction.
• C. furcatus faces little risk of becoming extinct in the near future.

The student wants to compare the extinction risk faced by C. olivacea with that faced by C. furcatus. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) According to conservation organizations, C. olivacea has a higher risk of becoming extinct in the near future than C. furcatus.

B) C. olivacea faces a high risk of extinction, while C. olivacea faces little risk of becoming extinct in the near future.

C) Conservation organizations have evaluated both C. furcatus's and C. olivacea's risk of becoming extinct in the near future.

D) C. olivacea is a perching bird that faces a high risk of extinction.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The human body requires magnesium for over 300 essential processes.
• Magnesium is a mineral present in many foods.
• Peanuts contain 49 milligrams per ounce (mg/oz) of magnesium.
• Almonds contain 80 mg/oz.
• Chia seeds contain 150 mg/oz.

The student wants to identify which of the three foods has the highest magnesium content. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) At 80 mg/oz, almonds contain more magnesium than peanuts (49 mg/oz).

B) Chia seeds contain 150 mg/oz of magnesium, which is more than peanuts and almonds.

C) Magnesium is present in many foods, including peanuts, almonds, and chia seeds.

D) Peanuts contain 49 mg/oz of magnesium, a mineral the human body requires for over 300 essential processes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Miguel Luciano is a multimedia visual artist.
• One of his sculptures is Double Phantom/EntroP.R. (2017).
• The work consists of two red Schwinn Phantom bicycles that he fused together.
• The bicycles face opposite directions.
• The bicycles share the same rear wheel.

The student wants to describe how the bicycles in Double Phantom/EntroP.R. are fused together. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) To create the sculpture Double Phantom/EntroP.R., Miguel Luciano fused together two Schwinn Phantom bicycles.

B) There are two red Schwinn Phantom bicycles in the sculpture Double Phantom/EntroP.R.

C) The two red bicycles in Double Phantom/EntroP.R. are fused together so that they share the same rear wheel while facing opposite directions.

D) Double Phantom/EntroP.R. is a sculpture created by multimedia visual artist Miguel Luciano.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist well known for her LED light sculptures.
• Her sculpture Uros Island is made of smooth multicolored LED domes.
• It occupies 335 cubic feet of space.
• Her sculpture Fortuna is made of entangled blue and white LED tubes.
• It occupies 19,950 cubic feet of space.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Uros Island and Fortuna. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The smooth LED domes of Grimanesa Amoros's Uros Island stand in contrast to the tangled LED tubes of Fortuna.

B) At 19,950 cubic feet in size, Grimanesa Amoros's Fortuna cuts a larger figure than the 335-cubic-foot Uros Island.

C) Grimanesa Amoros is the artist behind Uros Island—a sculpture made of smooth multicolored LED domes.

D) Uros Island is an LED light sculpture made by Grimanesa Amoros, as is Fortuna.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Caterpillars have evolved many defense mechanisms to ward off potential predators.
• A caterpillar's appearance is often its first line of defense.
• A caterpillar might possess body parts that make it look larger or more dangerous than it is, such as spiny bristles.
• Many caterpillars will flail about wildly when attacked, a behavioral defense mechanism that frightens off smaller predators such as wasps.
• Most caterpillars, however, are not actually dangerous.

The student wants to name one of a caterpillar's physical defense mechanisms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Caterpillars have evolved many defense mechanisms, both physical and behavioral.

B) A caterpillar might possess body parts that make it look larger than it is, such as spiny bristles or thick hair.

C) Many caterpillars will flail about wildly when attacked, a behavioral defense mechanism that frightens off smaller predators such as wasps.

D) Caterpillars have evolved many defenses to ward off predators, but most caterpillars are not actually dangerous.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Some animals have evolved to physically resemble another animal, plant, or object.
• This is known as mimicry.
• Crab spiders mimic the appearance of flowers.
• This helps crab spiders ambush their prey.
• Katydids mimic the appearance of leaves.
• This helps katydids hide from their predators.

The student wants to emphasize a difference in how katydids and crab spiders use mimicry. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Katydids mimic the appearance of flowers, and crab spiders mimic that of leaves.

B) Katydids and crab spiders are two examples of animals that use mimicry.

C) Unlike crab spiders, which use mimicry to ambush prey, katydids use mimicry to hide from predators.

D) Animals that use mimicry have evolved to resemble another animal, plant, or object.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Marrying Mr. Darcy is a board game based on the writing of Jane Austen.
• The game features characters and events from Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice.
• The Pillars of the Earth is a board game based on the writing of Ken Follett.
• The game features characters and events from Follett’s novel The Pillars of the Earth.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two games. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Marrying Mr. Darcy, a board game based on the writing of Jane Austen, features characters and events from the novel Pride and Prejudice.

B) Both the game Marrying Mr. Darcy and the game The Pillars of the Earth have themes inspired by works of fiction.

C) The game Marrying Mr. Darcy is based on a work by Jane Austen, while the game The Pillars of the Earth is based on a work by Ken Follett.

D) Some board games feature characters and events from works of fiction; for example, The Pillars of the Earth is based on Ken Follett’s novel The Pillars of the Earth.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Blackberries are fruits that contain ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
• Every 100 grams (g) of blackberries contains 21 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid.
• Many animals can make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but humans cannot.
• Humans must get ascorbic acid from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to explain why humans must get vitamin C from food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Many animals can make ascorbic acid, which is also known as vitamin C, in their bodies.

B) Blackberries contain vitamin C, which humans must get from food.

C) Since humans cannot make vitamin C in their bodies, they must get this essential nutrient from foods like blackberries.

D) There is 21 mg of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans, in every 100 g of blackberries.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Grigory V. Domogatsky is a Russian particle physicist.
• Particle physicists study subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.
• Domogatsky is known for his research on high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.

The student wants to provide an example of a particle physicist whose research focuses on neutrinos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Particle physicist Grigory V. Domogatsky is known for his research on high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.

B) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle that particle physicists are still trying to understand.

C) The research done on high-energy astrophysical neutrinos exemplifies the work particle physicists do to advance our understanding of subatomic particles.

D) By studying high-energy astrophysical neutrinos to name just one example particle physicists can learn more about neutrinos.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A nonnative species is considered invasive if it causes environmental or economic harm in an ecosystem.
• Salt cedar is a species of shrub native to parts of Eurasia.
• It can also be found in the western US.
• There, it increases soil salinity and lowers the water table.
• It is considered an invasive species in the US.

The student wants to provide an example of an invasive species. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) One way a nonnative species of plant could cause harm in an ecosystem is by increasing soil salinity and lowering the water table.

B) Salt cedar is an example of an invasive species that causes environmental or economic harm in parts of Eurasia.

C) In the western US, salt cedar is an invasive shrub that increases soil salinity and lowers the water table.

D) A nonnative species that increases soil salinity and lowers the water table, causing environmental or economic harm, is considered invasive.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The poem "4 haiku (for Max Roach)" is by African American writer Sonia Sanchez.
• It was published in her 2010 poetry book entitled Morning Haiku.
• The poem is written as a sequence of four haiku.
• According to the book's publisher, Penguin Random House (PRH), the book "celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of revered African American figures."
• According to Sanchez, she chose to write in the form of haiku because it helps "maintain memory and dignity."

The student wants to describe the format of "4 haiku (for Max Roach)." Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The poem "4 haiku (for Max Roach)" is written as a sequence of four haiku.

B) The poem "4 haiku (for Max Roach)" was published in the 2010 book Morning Haiku, which "celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of revered African American figures."

C) Sanchez chose the form used in the poem "4 haiku (for Max Roach)" because it helps "maintain memory and dignity."

D) The poems in Morning Haiku (2010) are each written as a sequence of haiku.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
• The horned sungem is a medium-sized hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its distinctive multicolored, tufted crown and its short, black, straight bill.
• The ruby-topaz hummingbird is a small hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its crimson crown and its short, black, curved bill.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the two birds?

A) One way to distinguish the horned sungem from the ruby-topaz hummingbird is to look at their bills: the horned sungem's is straight, whereas the ruby-topaz hummingbird's is curved.

B) Identifiable by its short, black, straight bill and its distinctive multicolored, tufted crown, the horned sungem is a medium-sized hummingbird found in Suriname.

C) The ruby-topaz hummingbird is a small hummingbird identifiable by its crimson crown and its short, black, curved bill.

D) The horned sungem and the ruby-topaz hummingbird are two of the thirty-five different hummingbird species found in Suriname.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The French Republican calendar replaced the Gregorian calendar in France from 1793 to 1805.
• Both calendars are divided into twelve months.
• The timelines for the months don't match.
• The third month of the French Republican calendar, Frimaire, begins during November, the eleventh month of the Gregorian calendar.
• The fourth month of the French Republican calendar, Nivôse, begins during December, the twelfth month of the Gregorian calendar.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the French Republican and Gregorian calendars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Used in France from 1793 to 1805, the French Republican calendar includes the months of Frimaire and Nivôse (the third and fourth months of the year).

B) The timelines for the months of the two calendars don't match; for example, the third month of the French Republican calendar begins during the eleventh month of the Gregorian calendar.

C) The French Republican calendar, which replaced the Gregorian calendar in France from 1793 to 1805, has twelve months, including the months of Frimaire and Nivôse.

D) The eleventh and twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar are November and December, respectively.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Kale is a vegetable that contains ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
• Grapes are fruits that contain ascorbic acid.
• There is 120 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid in every 100 grams (g) of kale.
• There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid in every 100 g of grapes.
• Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so they must get it from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to compare the vitamin C content of kale and grapes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Kale and grapes both contain vitamin C, but kale contains more.

B) Kale contains vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid)—120 mg in every 100 g, to be exact.

C) Kale is a vegetable, and grapes are fruits.

D) Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but they can get it from kale.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• So Long a Letter (1981) is an epistolary novel by Senegalese author Mariama Bâ.
• Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents.
• These documents can be letters, journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
• So Long a Letter consists primarily of letters.
• The letters are sent between a widow named Ramatoulaye and her best friend, Aissatou.

The student wants to provide an example of an epistolary novel. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Consisting primarily of letters sent between a widow named Ramatoulaye and her best friend, Aissatou, Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter is an epistolary novel.

B) An epistolary novel is a novel written primarily as a series of fictional documents, such as letters, journal entries, or newspaper clippings.

C) It was Mariama Bâ who published the novel So Long a Letter in 1981.

D) In 1981, Senegalese author Mariama Bâ published a novel of letters sent between a widow named Ramatoulaye and her best friend, Aissatou.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Atascosa-Cibuta Mountains are a mountain range located in northwestern Mexico.
• The range is one of the dozens of "sky islands" in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, "The mountains are 'islands' surrounded by deserts that are 'seas.'"
• The USFS said, "Each sky island is a unique ecosystem."

The student wants to provide an example of a sky island. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Sky islands are isolated mountain ranges whose environments differ drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands, and as the USFS puts it, "the mountains are 'islands' surrounded by deserts that are 'seas.'"

B) In the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico, there are dozens of sky islands: isolated mountain ranges whose environments differ drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.

C) There are dozens of sky islands in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico, such as the Atascosa-Cibuta Mountains.

D) The USFS considers each of the sky islands, whose environments differ drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands, to be a "unique ecosystem."

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Catherine A. Moore was the lighthouse keeper at Black Rock Harbor Light in Connecticut.
• She held this position from 1817 to 1878.
• Flora McNeil was the lighthouse keeper at Bridgeport Breakwater Light in Connecticut.
• She held this position from 1904 to 1920.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two lighthouse keepers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) As the lighthouse keeper at Bridgeport Breakwater Light, Flora McNeil helped watercraft navigate at night.

B) Catherine A. Moore worked as a lighthouse keeper in an earlier century than did Flora McNeil.

C) Catherine A. Moore and Flora McNeil both played crucial roles in ensuring safe navigation for watercraft in past centuries.

D) From 1817 to 1878, the nighttime waters of Connecticut were made more navigable thanks to Catherine A. Moore.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including sardines and mushrooms
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of wakame, a type of brown seaweed
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of ma-konbu, another type of brown seaweed
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two seaweeds. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) While wakame and ma-konbu contain umami flavor, umami can also be found in sardines and mushrooms.

B) After tasting two types of brown seaweed, wakame and ma-konbu, participants in a study found ma-konbu's umami flavor to be the more intense of the two.

C) Wakame is a type of brown seaweed, like ma-konbu.

D) Some types of brown seaweed, like wakame and ma-konbu, trigger umami flavor in human taste buds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Thomas Edison is regarded as one of the most important inventors in US history.
• Having received little formal schooling, Edison relied on specialist employees at his various laboratories and offices to complete the technical work for many of his inventions.
• Reginald Fessenden was an electronic communications specialist who worked at the Edison Machine Works manufacturing company.
• He is best known for pioneering radio technology that led to the first transmission of speech by radio.
• Frank J. Sprague was a naval officer who worked at the Menlo Park laboratory.
• He is best known for being the father of electric traction.

The student wants to use information from the given sentences to introduce Reginald Fessenden and what he is known for. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to introduce Reginald Fessenden and what he is known for?

A) Reginald Fessenden, an electronic communications specialist, worked at the Edison Machine Works manufacturing company.

B) Reginald Fessenden, an electronic communications specialist and former employee of Thomas Edison, is known for pioneering radio technology that led to the first transmission of speech by radio.

C) Having received little formal education, Thomas Edison depended on specialized employees, including Reginald Fessenden and Frank J. Sprague, for many of his inventions.

D) Thomas Edison's historic success would not have been possible without naval officer Frank J. Sprague, who is known for being the father of electric traction.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 4.
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.
• The mineral corundum has a Mohs scale number of 9.

The student wants to compare the hardness of the three minerals. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Based on their Mohs scale numbers, corundum (9) is harder than quartz (7), and quartz is harder than fluorite (4).

B) The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be used to order quartz, fluorite, and corundum by their ability to scratch other minerals.

C) A mineral with a Mohs number of 9, like corundum, is harder than one with a Mohs number of 7, like quartz.

D) Corundum can leave visible scratches on fluorite, which is why corundum has a higher number than fluorite on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In music theory, the term "key" refers to the set of musical notes that forms the foundation of a piece of music.
• In Ideas Toward an Aesthetic of Music (1806), German poet and composer Christian Schubart describes the moods of various musical keys.
• He describes the key of C minor as expressing "longing."
• In Regles de Composition (1682), French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier undertakes the same task.
• He describes the key of C minor as "obscure and sad."
• "Don't Speak" by No Doubt (1996) is a song written in C minor.

The student wants to compare how Schubart and Charpentier describe the mood of C minor. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Schubart and Charpentier each undertook the task of describing the mood of various keys, including C minor.

B) Schubart describes the mood of C minor as expressing "longing," while Charpentier describes it as "obscure and sad."

C) The song "Don't Speak" by No Doubt is written in the key of C minor, the mood of which has been described as expressing "longing."

D) Musical keys are sets of musical notes that form the foundations of pieces of music.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents, typically letters.
• Sometimes, the documents are journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
• The Screwtape Letters (1942) is an epistolary novel by British author C.S. Lewis.
• It consists primarily of letters sent between a character named Screwtape and his nephew, Wormwood.
• Parable of the Sower (1993) is an epistolary novel by American author Octavia Butler.
• It consists primarily of journal entries written by a teenager living in an apocalyptic society.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two novels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Some epistolary novels consist primarily of journal entries, but most, like C.S. Lewis's The Screwtape Letters, consist primarily of letters.

B) Both C.S. Lewis and Octavia Butler have written epistolary novels.

C) While the novel The Screwtape Letters consists primarily of letters, the novel Parable of the Sower consists primarily of journal entries.

D) The Screwtape Letters and Parable of the Sower are epistolary novels, which means they are written primarily as a series of documents.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1965, Yale University historians claimed that a world map called the Vinland Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
• Since that time, the map's age has been the subject of debate.
• In 2021, researchers conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map's ink.
• Their analysis revealed that the ink contains a titanium compound not used in inks until the 1920s.
• The researchers concluded that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.

The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Given the debate about the Vinland Map's age, researchers in 2021 conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map's ink.

B) A 2021 study of the Vinland Map's ink revealed that it contains a titanium compound not used in inks until the 1920s, indicating that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.

C) The Vinland Map, believed by some to have been drawn in the fifteenth century, was the focus of a 2021 study.

D) Aware that a certain titanium compound was not used in inks until the 1920s, researchers in 2021 studied the elemental composition of the Vinland Map's ink.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737) was an Italian instrument maker.
• He made about 1,000 violins in his lifetime.
• Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for their famed sound quality.
• The Marie Hall Stradivarius is named for former owner Marie Hall, a British violinist.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to introduce Marie Hall to a new audience?

A) Of the 1,000 or so violins Antonio Stradivari made, only about 500 exist today.

B) Marie Hall was a British violinist who once owned a Stradivarius violin.

C) The Marie Hall Stradivarius is named after Marie Hall.

D) Born in 1644, Antonio Stradivari was an Italian instrument maker whose violins are famous for their quality.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Usually, a country's capital is also its largest city by population.
• The capital of the Philippines is Manila.
• Its largest city by population is Quezon City.
• The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz.
• Its largest city by population is Schaan.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two countries. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In both the Philippines and Liechtenstein, the capital is not the country's most populous city.

B) While the most populous city in the Philippines is Quezon city, the most populous city in Liechtenstein is Schaan.

C) The most populous city in the Philippines is Quezon City, but the country's capital is Manila.

D) The capital of the Philippines is Manila; the capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
• The ACM gives the award for "major contributions of lasting importance to computing."
• It is named after groundbreaking British mathematician Alan Turing.
• Edgar F. Codd won the award in 1981.

The student wants to explain whom the award is named for and identify one recipient of it. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The A.M. Turing Award, which is named for British mathematician Alan Turing, was given to Edgar F. Codd in 1981.

B) In 1981, Edgar F. Codd won the A.M. Turing Award, which is given for "major contributions of lasting importance to computing."

C) The A.M. Turing Award is given for "major contributions of lasting importance to computing."

D) It was in 1981 that Edgar F. Codd won the A.M. Turing Award.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who produced more than two thousand drawings and paintings.
• Most of his works were completed in New York City in the 1980s.
• His work Untitled (Pollo Frito) was completed in 1982.
• The work is composed of acrylic, oil, and enamel on canvas and measures 60 inches by 120.5 inches.
• Untitled (Pollo Frito) was purchased by a private collection for $25.7 million in a 2018 auction.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the scope of Basquiat's work?

A) Untitled (Pollo Frito) is just one of more than two thousand drawings and paintings completed by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat.

B) Though artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed most of his two thousand-plus drawings in the 1980s, his work Untitled (Pollo Frito) is composed of acrylic, oil, and enamel on canvas.

C) Decades after artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed his 1982 work Untitled (Pollo Frito), a private collection purchased it for $25.7 million.

D) At a 2018 auction, artist Jean-Michel Basquiat's Untitled (Pollo Frito), composed of acrylic, oil, and enamel on canvas, sold for $25.7 million.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which the tops (crowns) of neighboring trees grow close together but don't overlap.
• To explain how this happens, Australian forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual abrasion theory.
• According to Jacobs's theory, when trees brush against one another, branches break off.
• Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory.
• According to Ng's theory, when tree branches detect shade from nearby trees' branches, they stop growing.

The student wants to compare the causes of crown shyness proposed in the two theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory, whereas Jacobs proposes an alternative theory.

B) Both Jacobs and Ng have proposed theories to explain what causes crown shyness.

C) While Jacobs proposes that crown shyness is caused by neighboring tree branches brushing against one another, Ng posits that it occurs when branches detect shade from nearby trees' branches.

D) Jacobs's mutual abrasion theory proposes that when neighboring tree branches brush against one another, branches break off, resulting in a phenomenon in which the tops of trees grow close together but don't overlap.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The mountain pygmy possum is a mammal species.
• Up until 1966, it was believed to be extinct.
• That year, a live mountain pygmy possum was identified in the wild in Australia.
• The mountain pygmy possum is considered a Lazarus species.
• "Lazarus species" is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be extinct.

The student wants to define the term "Lazarus species" and provide an example of one. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A) The term "Lazarus species" describes a living species of organism, such as the mountain pygmy possum, that was once believed to be extinct.

B) One example of a Lazarus species is the mountain pygmy possum, a mammal species that was identified in the wild in Australia in 1966.

C) The mountain pygmy possum, a species of mammal, was identified in the wild in 1966.

D) Sometimes, a species once believed to be extinct is later found living in the wild.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A nonnative species is considered invasive if it causes environmental or economic harm in an ecosystem.
• Multiflora rose is a species of shrub native to East Asia.
• It can also be found in the midwestern and eastern US.
• There, it forms dense thickets and invades pastures.
• It is considered an invasive species in the US.

The student wants to indicate one or more regions where multiflora rose is causing environmental or economic harm. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Multiflora rose can be found in the midwestern and eastern US, where it forms dense thickets and invades pastures.

B) Multiflora rose is considered invasive because it forms dense thickets and invades pastures, causing environmental harm.

C) Multiflora rose, a shrub native to East Asia, is considered an invasive species.

D) Multiflora rose is native to the midwestern and eastern US, but elsewhere it causes environmental or economic harm.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Here I Have Returned is a sculpture by Egyptian American artist Sherin Guirguis.
• It is a large, curved strip of wood inspired by the shape of a sistrum.
• A sistrum is a curved musical instrument played by ancient Egyptian priestesses in ceremonies.
• Guirguis says that the sculpture symbolizes “women who have lifted and supported Egyptian society and culture.”
• Overall, Guirguis wants her works to “engage audiences in a dialogue about power, agency, and social transformation.”

The student wants to use a quotation from Guirguis to explain what the sculpture represents. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Guirguis, whose works include a sculpture that is a large, curved strip of wood, has explained that she wants her work to create a dialogue with audiences.

B) Inspired by the sistrum played by Egyptian priestesses, Here I Have Returned symbolizes “women who have lifted and supported Egyptian society and culture,” according to Guirguis.

C) According to Guirguis, the curved strip of wood used in Here I Have Returned was inspired by the sistrum, a musical instrument played by ancient Egyptian priestesses in ceremonies.

D) Guirguis, the sculptor of Here I Have Returned, wants her works to “engage audiences in a dialogue about power, agency, and social transformation.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Merle Oberon (1911–1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Strange Evidence (1933).
• Later she played many named, credited roles, such as Jill Baker in That Uncertain Feeling (1941).

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two films. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Strange Evidence (1933) was released early in actress Merle Oberon's career, whereas That Uncertain Feeling (1941) came out later.

B) Early in her career, Merle Oberon wasn't listed in some film credits, such as the credits for the film Strange Evidence, where she played a nameless, uncredited role.

C) Strange Evidence and That Uncertain Feeling are both films that include Merle Oberon, the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.

D) In Strange Evidence (1933), actress Merle Oberon played a nameless, uncredited role; however, in That Uncertain Feeling (1941), she played a credited role, that of Jill Baker.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in Virginia.
• It encompasses 2,276 acres.
• The Mason Neck NWR was established to safeguard the habitat of the bald eagle, an endangered species.
• The Mason Neck NWR is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.
• The US Fish & Wildlife Service limits human activities in the area.

The student wants to emphasize the role the US Fish & Wildlife Service plays in safeguarding the habitat of the bald eagle. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Human activities are limited in the Mason Neck NWR, a protected natural area in Virginia.

B) By limiting human activities in the Mason Neck NWR, the US Fish & Wildlife Service safeguards the habitat of the bald eagle.

C) The 2,276-acre Mason Neck NWR was established to safeguard the habitat of the bald eagle, an endangered species.

D) Home to the bald eagle, the Mason Neck NWR is located in Virginia, where it encompasses 2,276 acres.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the sounds they represent.
• Words that represent the same sound are often written and pronounced very differently from language to language.
• This variation is due in part to differences in how the languages are structured.
• "Kok-sss" is a Tagalog onomatopoeia that represents the sound of snoring.
• "Khò" is a Vietnamese onomatopoeia that represents the sound of snoring.

The student wants to contrast two words that represent the same sound. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Tagalog word "kok-sss" and the Vietnamese word "khò" are onomatopoeias that represent the sound of snoring.

B) Onomatopoeias, words that imitate the sounds they represent, are often written and pronounced very differently from language to language.

C) Though they both represent the sound of snoring, the onomatopoeias "kok-sss" (Tagalog) and "khò" (Vietnamese) are written and pronounced very differently.

D) The Tagalog word "kok-sss," which represents the sound of snoring, is an onomatopoeia.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Haber-Bosch process is an industrial process used to manufacture ammonia (NH₃).
• It was invented by chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1910.
• The process's primary reaction combines nitrogen (N₂) from the air with hydrogen (H₂).
• It requires an iron catalyst and high temperatures and pressures.
• Most of the ammonia produced by this process is used in fertilizers.

The student wants to provide an overview of the Haber-Bosch process. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Haber-Bosch process needs nitrogen, hydrogen, and an iron catalyst.

B) The Haber-Bosch process uses an iron catalyst along with high temperatures and pressures to manufacture ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

C) Chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch invented an industrial process to manufacture ammonia to be used in fertilizers.

D) In 1910, chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch invented the Haber-Bosch process, which requires high temperatures and pressures.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Maria Younghans was the lighthouse keeper at Biloxi Light in Mississippi.
• She held this position from 1867 to 1918.
• Flora McNeil was the lighthouse keeper at Bridgeport Breakwater Light in Connecticut.
• She held this position from 1904 to 1920.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two lighthouse keepers began their careers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) From 1867 to 1918, the nighttime waters of Mississippi were more navigable thanks to lighthouse keepers Flora McNeil and Maria Younghans.

B) Before automation, lighthouse keepers like Maria Younghans and Flora McNeil were crucial to ensuring safe navigation for watercraft.

C) Flora McNeil began her career as a lighthouse keeper years after Maria Younghans did.

D) Maria Younghans's career as a lighthouse keeper ended in 1918, whereas Flora McNeil's ended in 1920.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) was founded in 1944 by representatives of fifty tribal governments.
• The NCAI was created to protect the sovereignty of Indigenous tribes.
• Napoleon B. Johnson (Cherokee) was the NCAI's first president.
• In 1975, the US Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (Public Law 96-638).
• This legislation formally acknowledged tribes' right to self-governance.
• The advocacy of the NCAI was a key factor in the law's passing.

The student wants to identify an accomplishment of the NCAI. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The NCAI, founded by representatives of fifty tribal governments, had Napoleon B. Johnson (Cherokee) as its first president.

B) Founded in 1944, the NCAI was created by representatives of tribal governments from fifty sovereign Indigenous tribes.

C) The NCAI's advocacy was key to the passing of Public Law 96-638, legislation formally acknowledging Indigenous tribes' right to self-governance.

D) In 1975, the NCAI passed the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which was created to protect the sovereignty of Indigenous tribes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• One of the greatest mysteries in pirate lore is the fate of Captain Kidd's supposed buried treasure.
• William Kidd was a privateer—an independent captain—in the late seventeenth century, seizing gold, silver, and other valuables from enemies of the British Empire.
• He had permission from the British to attack French ships, but he was arrested for piracy after he began attacking and looting other commercial vessels.
• He had amassed a fortune in treasure, only a fraction of which was recovered.
• Kidd told authorities that he had buried the rest in a secret location, and he tried to trade that location for his freedom.

The student wants to explain how Captain Kidd tried to use his buried treasure for his own gain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Captain Kidd was a privateer in the late seventeenth century who seized gold, silver, and other valuables.

B) Kidd had amassed a fortune in treasure, but only a fraction of that treasure was recovered when he was apprehended.

C) Captain Kidd told authorities that he had buried his treasure in a secret location.

D) After Captain Kidd was arrested for piracy, he tried to trade the location of his buried treasure for his freedom.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
• The relationship between coral and algae is mutualistic.
• A coral colony is composed of many tiny organisms called polyps that replicate and stick together.
• The coral colony acquires zooxanthellae algae, which uses the structure of the colony for shelter.
• The algae produces sugar that the coral consumes for energy.

The student wants to emphasize the relationship's benefit to coral. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The coral colony acquires zooxanthellae algae, a sugar-producing organism which grows on the coral colony and uses its structure for shelter.

B) A coral colony, which is the site of a mutualistic relationship, is composed of many tiny organisms called polyps that replicate and stick together.

C) After the coral colony acquires zooxanthellae algae, the algae produces sugar that the coral consumes for energy.

D) A type of symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualistic, such as the relationship between coral and algae.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Texture analysis and historical analysis are two approaches to art criticism.
• Texture analysis examines how surfaces are visually represented in an artwork.
• Such an analysis of Giorgione's Youth Holding an Arrow might consider how the painting's blended colors make the subject's skin appear smooth in texture.
• Historical analysis considers the historical context in which a work was created.
• Such an analysis of Diego Velázquez's Las Meninas might consider how the painting's depiction of the artist with King Philip IV symbolizes art's historical ties to power.

The student wants to present historical analysis to an audience unfamiliar with the concept. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A texture analysis of Youth Holding an Arrow might consider how the painting's blended colors make the subject's skin appear smooth in texture.

B) Texture analysis differs from historical analysis in that texture analysis examines how surfaces are visually represented in an artwork.

C) An approach to art criticism, historical analysis considers the historical context in which a work was created.

D) Las Meninas's depiction of the artist with King Philip IV symbolizes art's historical ties to power.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Phobetor, a name drawn from Greek mythology, is an exoplanet that orbits the star PSR B1257+12, also known as Lich.
• Phobetor's mass is 0.01 times that of Jupiter, or 0.01 Jupiter masses.
• Mastika, which means "gem" or "jewel" in Malay, is an exoplanet that orbits the star HD 179949, also known as Gumala.
• Mastika's mass is 0.92 Jupiter masses.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about exoplanets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Exoplanets that are named Phobetor orbit Lich, and those that are named Mastika orbit Gumala.

B) Even though Phobetor and Mastika are both exoplanets, their masses are different: Phobetor's mass is 0.01 Jupiter masses, and Mastika's is 0.92 Jupiter masses.

C) Many stars have both a designation and a proper name; for instance, PSR B1257+12 is also known as Lich, and HD 179949 is also known as Gumala.

D) Exoplanet names have diverse origins, a fact that can be seen in the cases of Phobetor, a name drawn from Greek mythology, and Mastika, which means "gem" or "jewel" in Malay.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Vexillology is the study of flags.
• The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of the region’s history, culture, or landscape.
• The flag of San Marino includes a laurel branch.
• The flag of Croatia includes leopards.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to make and support a generalization about symbols on flags?

A) The flags of some countries include symbols of plants; San Marino’s, for example, includes a laurel branch.

B) San Marino’s flag includes a laurel branch, a symbol that is important to that country’s national identity.

C) Vexillology is the study of flags; accordingly, vexillologists are interested in flags from around the world.

D) Many countries feature symbols on their flags, and the study of these designs is known as vexillology.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the city of Timbuktu was part of the Songhai Empire.
• Timbuktu was a center of trade and scholarship in the Sahara desert.
• The city was known for its hundreds of thousands of written manuscripts on both secular and religious subjects.
• The manuscripts survive today in dozens of private libraries across the city.
• The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance is one of these manuscripts.

The student wants to introduce The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance to an audience unfamiliar with the Timbuktu manuscripts' history. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the city of Timbuktu was home to The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance, a manuscript that discusses trade centers across the Sahara desert.

B) In the city of Timbuktu, dozens of private libraries house manuscripts, such as The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance, that discuss both secular and religious subjects.

C) The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance is a manuscript housed in a private library in Timbuktu.

D) Among Timbuktu's vast collection of secular and religious manuscripts dating back to the Songhai Empire is The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Maya Lin is an American artist known for her memorials and works of installation art.
• She completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in 1982.
• It is a memorial sculpture consisting of two 246-foot granite walls, and it is designed to commemorate veterans of the Vietnam War.
• She completed Above and Below in 2007.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery ceiling.

The student wants to describe Above and Below to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Though Maya Lin’s Above and Below (2007) is not a memorial, its gallery-filling scale may call to mind the imposing Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which consists of two 246-foot granite walls.

B) Artist Maya Lin is well known for her installation art, such as Above and Below (2007), and for her memorials.

C) Completed in 2007, Maya Lin’s Above and Below is a large-scale installation artwork composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery ceiling.

D) Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a granite memorial sculpture that commemorates veterans of the Vietnam War, while Above and Below is an installation artwork.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Merle Oberon (1911–1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Service for Ladies (1932).
• Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Margaret Faulson in All Is Possible in Granada (1954).

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to begin a narrative about Merle Oberon's life?

A) Merle Oberon's story begins in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India, in 1911.

B) Merle Oberon appeared in many films, including Service for Ladies (1932) and All Is Possible in Granada (1954), and was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.

C) In 1954, Merle Oberon played the role of Margaret Faulson in the film All Is Possible in Granada.

D) Though she would go on to receive credit in many films, Merle Oberon also played nameless, uncredited roles in many films, such as in the movie Service for Ladies (1932).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
• It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.
• It features clothing, including a shawl (anchi in Choctaw) made from cloth.
• The shawl was made in 1881.
• Hina Hanta features household items, including a mug (isht ishko) made from clay.
• The mug was made in 1915.

The student wants to make a generalization about the Hina Hanta archive. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Included in the Hina Hanta online archive is a cloth shawl.

B) The Choctaw name for the cloth shawl is anchi.

C) Not all artifacts in the Hina Hanta archive are from the 1800s.

D) The clay mug (isht ishko) was made in 1915.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Thomas Edison is regarded as one of the most important inventors in US history.
• Having received little formal schooling, Edison relied on specialist employees at his various laboratories and offices to complete the technical work for many of his inventions.
• William Joseph Hammer was a laboratory assistant who worked at the Menlo Park laboratory.
• He is best known for curating the most comprehensive collection of historic light bulbs anywhere in the world.
• William Symes Andrews was an electrical engineer who worked at the Edison Electric Light Company.
• He is best known for establishing more than thirty power plants across New York and Pennsylvania.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize Edison's reliance on Hammer?

A) William Joseph Hammer, a laboratory assistant, worked at the Menlo Park laboratory.

B) William Joseph Hammer, a laboratory assistant, was known for his valuable contribution to the field of technology.

C) Most of Thomas Edison's employees had successful careers independent of working for him; for example, William Joseph Hammer, who worked at the Menlo Park laboratory, was an accomplished laboratory assistant.

D) Having received little formal education, Thomas Edison depended on specialized employees, including laboratory assistant William Joseph Hammer, for many of his inventions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The meter of a poem is the rhythmic structure or pattern of accents in its lines.
• Alliterative meter is structured by a pattern of repeated sounds.
• Quantitative meter is structured by a pattern of long and short syllables.
• The Old English poem Widsith uses an alliterative meter.
• The Sanskrit poem Meghādūta uses a quantitative meter.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the meters of the two poems. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The Sanskrit poem Meghādūta uses a quantitative meter, while the meter of the Old English poem Widsith uses a pattern of long and short syllables.

B) The poem Widsith is written in Old English, but Meghādūta is written in Sanskrit.

C) Alliterative meter is a pattern of repeated sounds, but quantitative meter is a rhythmic structure or pattern of accents.

D) The lines of the poem Meghādūta use a pattern of long and short syllables, whereas Widsith’s lines use a pattern of repeated sounds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.
• The twisting of an object is known as torsion.
• A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of various fibers.
• When a 3-millimeter-thick sample of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 6°C.
• When a 4-millimeter-thick sample of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) rubber fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 3.5°C.

The student wants to contrast the two samples. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) When the fibers were twisted as part of the 2019 study, the surface temperature of both samples increased.

B) In 2019, researchers studied the effect of torsional heating on various fibers, including samples of SEBS rubber and TPU.

C) Twisting an object will generally cause its temperature to increase, a process known as torsional heating.

D) The SEBS rubber sample used in the 2019 study was thicker than the TPU sample.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In a 2004 study, researchers Jorge E. López and C. Vaughan wanted to explore the effects of ingestion by bats on the germination of Piper sancti-felicis seeds in Costa Rica.
• The team of researchers tested 125 Piper sancti-felicis seeds that had been ingested by chestnut short-tailed bats.
• Of these, 82 seeds (66%) germinated.
• As a control, J.E. López and C. Vaughan tested 125 Piper sancti-felicis seeds that had not been ingested by chestnut short-tailed bats.
• Of these, 88 seeds (70%) germinated.

The student wants to describe the study's research methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The team of researchers tested the germination of 125 Piper sancti-felicis seeds that had been ingested by chestnut short-tailed bats and 125 Piper sancti-felicis seeds that had not been ingested.

B) Research by J.E. López and C. Vaughan revealed that 82 of 125—that is, 66%—of the Piper sancti-felicis seeds that had been ingested by the bats germinated.

C) J.E. López and C. Vaughan wanted to explore the effects of chestnut short-tailed bats' ingestion on Piper sancti-felicis seed germination.

D) In the study, a lower percentage of Piper sancti-felicis seeds ingested by bats germinated than those that had not been ingested by bats.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Waiting is a 1987 black-and-white linocut print by Kuwaiti artist Thuraya Al-Baqsami.
• It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (a woman in a headscarf gazing out a window).
• ¡Sera toda nuestra! ("It will all be ours!") is a 1977 color linocut print by Mexican American artist Carlos Cortez.
• It features a scene with an explicitly political point of view (a group of laborers preparing to go on strike).
• Lino cutting is an inexpensive printmaking technique in which an image is carved onto linoleum tile, covered in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.

The student wants to make a generalization about linocut prints. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Linocuts can depict a range of scenes, from the explicitly political to the tranquil and everyday.

B) Cortez's linocut features a group of laborers preparing to go on strike, while Al-Baqsami's depicts a woman in a headscarf gazing out a window.

C) Cortez made ¡Sera toda nuestra! ("It will all be ours!") in 1977, while Al-Baqsami made Waiting in 1987.

D) Al-Baqsami's Waiting is a black-and-white linocut print, while Cortez's ¡Sera toda nuestra! is a color linocut print.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks, yards, and gardens.
• This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening bees’ immune systems.
• On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a harsh winter.
• Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn or wheat.
• On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will survive a harsh winter.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do rural areas, which are often dominated by monoculture crops.

B) In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40 percent will.

C) The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the bees eat, and a varied diet is more available to bees in an urban area than to those in a rural area.

D) Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas because the varied diet available in urban areas strengthens the bees’ immune systems.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Pointillism is a painting technique in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image.
• Betty Acquah is an artist from Ghana who uses pointillism in her work.
• “By extending dabs of color in the subject matter into the background and vice-versa, an illusion of movement is created,” she says about pointillism.
• Her work often portrays Ghanaian women, whom she sees as the “unsung heroines of the Ghanaian Republic.”
• Her pointillist painting “Exquisite” (2016) features five dancing women twirling their skirts.

The student wants to provide a quotation from Acquah that explains why she used pointillism in “Exquisite.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In painting “Exquisite,” Acquah applied pointillism to create what she called an “illusion of movement” within the painting’s five dancing women and their twirling skirts.

B) Pointillism, the technique used in Acquah’s “Exquisite,” involves the application of small, distinct dots of color.

C) In “Exquisite,” Acquah uses a technique that she says involves “extending dabs of color in the subject matter into the background and vice-versa.”

D) “Exquisite” portrays Acquah’s fellow Ghanaian women as she sees them: the “unsung heroes of the Ghanaian Republic.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Researchers Gwangsu Kim et al. sought to explore the relationship between the brain’s ability to process natural sounds and its ability to process music.
• They used an artificial deep neural network (DNN) that models how the brain processes auditory information.
• The DNN had been trained to detect natural sounds (excluding music).
• Finding: The DNN spontaneously developed neurons that responded to music but not to other auditory stimuli.
• Conclusion: The brain’s ability to process music may arise as a by-product of natural sound processing.

The student wants to present the aim of the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Using an artificial deep neural network, the researchers sought to explore the relationship between the brain’s ability to process natural sounds and its ability to process music.

B) By training an artificial deep neural network, the researchers aimed to establish that the brain’s ability to process natural sounds arises as a by-product of processing music.

C) The researchers used an artificial deep neural network, which spontaneously developed neurons that responded to music but not to other auditory stimuli.

D) In their study, the researchers evaluated whether an artificial deep neural network could model how the brain processes auditory information.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world market.
• Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.
• At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
• At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
• According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”

The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”

B) Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities, such as the matsutake mushroom, on the world market.

C) Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now links matsutake pickers in Oregon with wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.

D) Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of the matsutake commodity chain.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A sestina is a thirty-nine-line poetic form.
• Each line of the poem ends with one of six end words, which alternate according to a set pattern.
• “Forage Sestina” is a sestina by Marilyn Hacker.
• Its end words are words, structure, wire, beam, wall, and room.
• “Towards Autumn” is a sestina by Marilyn Hacker.
• Its end words are daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself.

The student wants to use one of the poems to illustrate the sestina form. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Hacker employs the sestina, a poetic form with thirty-nine lines and six end words, in both “Forage Sestina” and “Towards Autumn.”

B) As a sestina, “Towards Autumn” contains thirty-nine lines and six end words — in this case, daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself — that alternate in a set pattern.

C) The thirty-nine-line sestina form uses the words daughter, friend, bread, mother, lover, and myself, which are found in the poem “Forage Sestina.”

D) Hacker has used the sestina form multiple times, as in “Towards Autumn,” which contains these six words: words, structure, wire, beam, wall, and room.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a group of six Native nations in the northeastern United States.

• The Great Law of Peace is a set of principles that has guided the Haudenosaunee Confederacy for centuries.

• The influence theory holds that the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution.

• Historian Bruce Johansen supports this theory.

• Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.

The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was very influential.

B) The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.

C) The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native nations in the northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.

D) Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, influenced the founding of the US in many different ways.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Ukiyo-e woodblock prints were a popular artistic form in Japan from the 1600s through the 1800s.
• Ukiyo-e prints were produced by teams of artisans that included artists, wood-carvers, printers, and publishers.
• Sosaku-hanga was a popular Japanese printmaking movement that emerged in the early 1900s.
• Sosaku-hanga prioritized individual artistic expression.
• An artist working in this style typically handled all aspects of print creation, from drawing to wood carving to printing.

The student wants to contrast ukiyo-e and sosaku-hanga production methods. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Teams of artisans produced ukiyo-e prints, whereas individual artists typically handled all aspects of sosaku-hanga printmaking themselves.

B) One notable distinction between ukiyo-e and sosaku-hanga prints is sosaku-hanga's emphasis on individual artistic expression.

C) Ukiyo-e prints were popular in Japan from the 1600s through the 1800s, while sosaku-hanga prints emerged later, in the early 1900s.

D) In contrast to ukiyo-e prints, sosaku-hanga prints were produced using methods such as drawing and wood carving.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Highpointers Club is a hiking club.
• One of the main goals among club members is to reach the highest points in all fifty US states.
• Those who achieve this are called 50 Completers.
• In Suk Han became a 50 Completer on November 15, 2013.
• The highest point in West Virginia is Spruce Knob, at 4,863 ft.
• The highest point in Colorado is Mount Elbert, at 14,440 ft.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to explain the 50 Completers hiking challenge to a new audience?

A) Hikers aiming to count themselves among the 50 Completers must reach not only West Virginia's Spruce Knob but also the even higher peak of Mount Elbert in Colorado.

B) Not until after you have reached the highest points in all fifty US states—including Spruce Knob in West Virginia and Mount Elbert in Colorado—can you include yourself among the 50 Completers of the Highpointers Club.

C) If you are looking for a new hiking challenge, consider joining the Highpointers Club, as did In Suk Han, a hiker who successfully reached the highest point in every US state.

D) On November 15, 2013, In Suk Han finally completed the feat of reaching the highest point in all fifty US states, including Spruce Knob in West Virginia and Mount Elbert in Colorado.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.
• His works blend Western classical music with elements of various Native musical traditions.
• His 1970 composition Cacéga Ayuwipi incorporates a Pueblo water drum, a traditional Native instrument.
• Critic Peter Altman commended Ballard's ability to synthesize "strong, idiomatically modern expressions."

The student wants to present Altman's claim to an audience already familiar with Louis Ballard. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ballard was commended for his musical compositions, many of which blend Western classical music with elements of various Native musical traditions, by the critic Peter Altman.

B) Ballard's works demonstrate what Peter Altman refers to as an ability to synthesize "strong, idiomatically modern expressions."

C) Peter Altman praised Ballard — a classical composer whose works blend Western classical music with elements of Native musical traditions — for creating "strong, idiomatically modern expressions."

D) Ballard's 1970 Cacéga Ayuwipi blends Western classical music and elements of various Native musical traditions by incorporating a Pueblo water drum.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.
• He sought to synthesize Western classical music with elements of various Native musical traditions.
• Ballard's composition Incident at Wounded Knee incorporates a Pueblo log drum, a traditional Native instrument.
• Ethnomusicologist Tara Browner writes that Ballard's classical music "relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms,…and other musical elements."

The student wants to connect the quotation from Browner to a specific composition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Browner notes that Ballard's music "relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms,…and other musical elements," further indicating that it synthesizes Western classical music with elements of various Native music traditions.

B) Consistent with Browner's observation that Ballard's music "relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms,…and other musical elements," Incident at Wounded Knee incorporates a Pueblo log drum.

C) Browner's writing discusses Ballard, the classical music composer responsible for Incident at Wounded Knee.

D) Discussing Ballard's body of works, Browner observes that it relies on elements of various Native musical traditions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Ynés Mexía was a Mexican American botanist.
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.
• She collected a sample of Achyrocline vauthieriana in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on May 3, 1930.
• She collected a sample of Antennaria monocephala in Alaska, the United States, on July 1, 1928.
• These specimens are part of the Asteraceae family.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to begin a narration of Mexía's collection of Achyrocline vauthieriana?

A) While both specimens collected by Ynés Mexía are members of the Asteraceae family, Achyrocline vauthieriana was collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and Antennaria monocephala was collected in Alaska, the United States.

B) It was on May 3, 1930, in the state of Minas Gerais, that Ynés Mexía added a new specimen to her growing collection of botanical samples: Achyrocline vauthieriana of the Asteraceae family.

C) Thousands of botanical samples collected from across the Americas by Ynés Mexía can now be found in one place: online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

D) Ynés Mexía collected a sample of Achyrocline vauthieriana in May of 1930 and Antennaria monocephala in July of 1928.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• 1914: British explorer Ernest Shackleton and a small crew embarked on an expedition to Antarctica.
• 1915: Shackleton’s ship Endurance became stuck in ice before eventually breaking apart and sinking.
• 1916: After more harrowing sea-ice adventures, the entire crew was rescued.
• 1959: Historian Alfred Lansing wrote a book called Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage.
• 2001: Filmmaker George Butler released a documentary called The Endurance: Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition.
• 2022: The wreckage of Endurance was discovered at the bottom of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.

The student wants to provide a historical overview of the Shackleton expedition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Shackleton’s expedition has inspired a 1959 book, a 2001 film, and a 2022 discovery.

B) Alfred Lansing wrote about the history of Shackleton’s 1914–16 expedition in the book Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage (1959); years later, in 2001, George Butler released a documentary about the expedition.

C) In 1914, the Shackleton expedition sailed to Antarctica, where, in 1916, they rescued the crew of a ship that had sunk, Endurance (the wreckage of which was discovered in 2022).

D) Leaving in 1914 for Antarctica, Shackleton and his crew underwent many harrowing sea-ice adventures, including losing their ship in 1915, before being rescued in 1916.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• 2024: Spain and Portugal sponsored a workshop to address recent encounters between Iberian orcas and marine vessels off the Iberian Peninsula.
• Many of the 637 documented incidents involved pods of orcas damaging vessels by ramming, nudging, or biting the rudders.
• Studies of Iberian orcas suggest recent increases in tuna populations have reduced the time the orcas spend hunting by 99%.
• Researchers believe this shift has increased the number of interactions between marine vessels and understimulated orcas.
• The workshop advised mariners to avoid orcas pending further testing of the efficacy of TAST, a harmless acoustic deterrent.

The student wants to make and support a claim about Iberian orca behavior. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The recent destructive behavior of Iberian orcas may be the result of understimulation, given that orcas' interactions with marine vessels have increased as the orcas have spent less time hunting.

B) Tuna populations have increased by approximately 99% off the Iberian Peninsula due to changes in the hunting behavior of Iberian orcas.

C) As supported by the workshop's analysis of 637 encounters between vessels and Iberian orcas, TAST is a harmless and effective acoustic deterrent.

D) In 2024, Spain and Portugal sponsored a workshop that addressed incidents where pods of Iberian orcas were ramming, nudging, or biting the rudders of vessels.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity allows for potential shortcuts through spacetime.
• These hypothetical spacetime tunnels are known as wormholes.
• For matter to travel through a wormhole, it would need to have negative energy density.
• Negative energy density means that the matter would have less energy than empty space.
• Such matter has not been shown to exist.

The student wants to acknowledge a complication affecting travel through wormholes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The hypothetical tunnels known as wormholes would be potential shortcuts through spacetime were it not for one complication: they have less energy than empty space.

B) Einstein's theory of general relativity allows for potential spacetime shortcuts called wormholes but does not explain how matter with negative energy density could travel through them

C) For matter to travel through a wormhole, the matter would need to have less energy than empty space; such matter has not been shown to exist.

D) For wormholes to be possible, according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, they would have to allow for potential shortcuts through spacetime

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Two opposing theories of vision divided scholars for many centuries.
• The ancient Greek mathematician Euclid (circa 300 BCE) supported the extramission theory.
• This theory held that the eyes emit a form of radiation that illuminates objects in its range.
• The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE) supported the intromission theory.
• This theory held that objects emit a form of radiation that reaches the eyes.
• In the eleventh century, Arab mathematician Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040 CE) largely settled the debate with the first conclusive experiments supporting intromission.

The student wants to provide a historical overview of the two theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Scholars were divided between the extramission and intromission theories of vision until Ibn al-Haytham's eleventh-century experiments largely settled the debate in support of intromission.

B) Through two opposing theories of vision—extramission and intromission—Euclid, Aristotle, and Ibn al-Haytham held that a form of radiation is emitted either from objects or from the eyes.

C) While Ibn al-Haytham largely settled the debate in the eleventh century, Aristotle supported the theory of intromission centuries before.

D) Before the eleventh century, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle supported the intromission theory, which held that objects emit a form of radiation that reaches the eyes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Auteur theory is a view of filmmaking that positions the director as the primary author of a film.
• This now dominant theory was coined by film critic Andrew Sarris.
• In a 1963 rebuttal, film critic Pauline Kael argued that film authorship should be shared among screenwriters, directors, and others involved in the filmmaking process.
• In a 2006 book, film critic David Kipen proposed "schreiber theory."
• Schreiber theory repositions the screenwriter as the primary author of a film.

The student wants to compare Kipen's theory of film authorship with Sarris's. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In repositioning the screenwriter (not the director) as the primary author of a film, schreiber theory presents an alternative to the dominant auteur theory.

B) Film critics Andrew Sarris and David Kipen hold the view that film authorship should be shared among those involved in the filmmaking process.

C) In a 1963 rebuttal to Sarris's theory that a director is the primary author of a film, Kael proposed that screenwriters should instead be given sole authorship.

D) Kipen's theory of film authorship contrasts with that of Kael, who famously argued against Sarris's auteur theory in 1963.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The ratio of the total mass of an element to the combined mass of all elements in a given environment is called the mass fraction.
• The mass fraction of chromium (Cr) on Earth is 4,700 parts per million (ppm).
• This indicates that the relative abundance of chromium on Earth is 0.47%.
• The ratio of the total number of atoms of an element to the total number of all atoms in a given environment is called the mole fraction.
• The mole fraction of chromium on Earth is 2,300,000 parts per billion (ppb).
• This indicates that the relative abundance of chromium on Earth is 0.23%.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between mass fraction and mole fraction. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) On Earth, the mass fraction of chromium is 4,700 ppm, or 0.47%, and the mole fraction is 2,300,000 ppb, or 0.23%.

B) While mass fraction is a measure of relative mass and mole fraction is a measure of relative atom count, both indicate the relative abundance of elements on Earth.

C) Both mass and mole fraction express the relative abundance of chromium on Earth as a ratio of the total mass of chromium to the combined mass of all atoms

D) The mass fraction of chromium indicates its relative mass: in addition. The element's mole fraction indicates the relative number of chromium atoms

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Cree is a synthetic language in the Algonquian language family.
• In synthetic languages, nouns can take several different forms (or cases) depending on their function within a sentence.
• Combining the suffix -ihk with the Cree noun sakahikan (lake) forms the locative-case noun sakahikanihk (in the lake).
• Synthetic languages have extensive case systems.
• In analytic languages, cases are not typically used to indicate noun function.
• Noun function is instead indicated through word order and auxiliary words (such as prepositions and adjectives).

The student wants to explain why Cree is classified as a synthetic language. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Cree is a synthetic language rather than an analytic language, where nouns rely on word order and auxiliary words to indicate their function.

B) In contrast to an analytic language, a synthetic language like Cree indicates a noun's function within a sentence.

C) Cree has a robust case system in which nouns take different forms depending on their function, making it a synthetic language.

D) Cree is classified as a synthetic language, meaning that the Algonquian language utilizes nouns to fulfill various functions within a sentence.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The fifth Solvay Conference on Physics was held in 1927.
• It brought together twenty-nine of the era's preeminent scientists to discuss the emerging field of quantum theory.
• The conference famously featured a debate between physicists Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.
• Bohr proposed that subatomic entities like electrons had only probable realities until they were observed.
• Einstein argued that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.
• Bohr's position, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, remains the most widely accepted theory of quantum mechanics.

The student wants to place Einstein's argument within its historical context. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) During the dawn of quantum theory, Einstein maintained the independent reality of some subatomic entities, although Bohr's opposing interpretation would become the widely accepted view.

B) In 1927, Einstein and Bohr engaged in a famous debate; Bohr's argument, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, would remain popular decades after.

C) The attendees of the 1927 Solvay Conference were among the preeminent scientists of their era, including Einstein, who opposed Bohr's proposal.

D) At the 1927 Solvay Conference on Physics, Einstein disagreed with Bohr's argument that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Suzanne K. Birner led a study analyzing rocks on the seafloor to better understand the history of Earth's mantle.
• Rock samples were collected from two seafloor ridges.
• The researchers determined the samples' period of formation (the Archean eon) and oxidation level (extremely low).
• High temperatures in the Archean likely caused the rocks' low oxidation.
• Birner's team suggests the oxidation of Earth's mantle has remained stable over time, contrary to previous theories.
• The findings help explain the unique conditions that allowed life to develop on Earth.

The student wants to present the study's research methods. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) To further analyze the origins of Earth's unique conditions, researchers focused on rocks from the Archean eon, when Earth's temperatures were extremely high.

B) Birner's team analyzed the age and oxidation levels of rock samples collected from two seafloor ridges.

C) Birner led a study to better understand the history of Earth's mantle and explain the conditions that allowed life to develop.

D) By studying these ancient rocks, the team aimed to challenge previous theories about changes in Earth's mantle over time.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Linguistic typologists classify and compare languages according to their structural features.
• One such structure is word order, or the way subjects (S), verbs (V), and objects (O) are typically arranged in a sentence.
• English employs an SVO word order (e.g., Cows eat grass).
• Bengali employs an SOV word order (e.g., Cows grass eat).
• Filipino employs a VSO word order (e.g., Eat cows grass).
• 87% of the world's languages are classified as either SVO or SOV.

The student wants to make a generalization about how word order is employed across languages. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Linguistic typologists analyze and compare how word order is employed across languages.

B) The majority of languages place the subject of a sentence before the verb and object.

C) The way in which subjects, verbs, and objects are typically arranged in a sentence is also called word order.

D) Word order is one of the structural features by which linguistic typologists classify and compare the world's languages.

A student has taken the following notes:

• A team of researchers led by Guanning Pang discovered that inactive volcanoes in the Cascade Range have large underground magma chambers 3 to 9 miles below their surface.
• Some of these volcanoes have been dormant for thousands of years.
• Researchers detected magma by tracking earthquake waves that slowed down when passing through chambers of magma consisting of 3% to 32% melted rock.
• Magma chambers need over 35% liquid rock to potentially erupt.
• These findings challenge the scientific theory that magma chambers only exist right before eruptions.
• The discovery could improve volcano monitoring and eruption prediction methods.

A student wants to undermine a scientific assumption about magma chambers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Scientists found inactive Cascade Range volcanoes with large magma chambers below their surface, challenging the theory that magma chambers only exist right before eruptions.

B) Magma chambers need over 35% liquid rock to potentially erupt, refuting the assumption that volcanoes dormant for thousands of years have melted rock below.

C) By tracking earthquake waves, Pang found that magma reservoirs sit 3 to 9 miles below the Cascade Range volcanoes' surface and need over 35% liquid magma to potentially erupt.

D) Researchers detected magma chambers by tracking earthquake waves through partially melted rock, improving volcano monitoring and eruption prediction methods for dormant volcanoes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In a 2023 study, environmental scientist Jazmin Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues tested the use of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) in Florida.
• FTWs are artificial floating platforms of plants used to remediate polluted or nutrient-imbalanced water.
• Finding: FTWs using marigold flowers removed 52% more total phosphorus than the control.
• Finding: The test yielded 65 market-quality blooms per square meter.
• The authors concluded marigolds showed "promising potential as a commercially viable remediating crop cultivated on FTWs in South Florida."

The student wants to present the findings of the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The authors concluded that marigolds grown on FTWs were "commercially viable," having produced 65 blooms per square meter of market-quality blooms in a 2023 study.

B) In a 2023 study, Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found that marigolds cultivated on FTWs produced 52% more market-quality flower blooms than the control.

C) Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found that FTWs using marigolds not only helped remove phosphorus from the water but also yielded market-quality blooms.

D) FTWs using marigolds, Locke-Rodriguez and colleagues found, yielded 65 flower blooms and removed 52% of phosphorus from the water.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Talking Heads was an American rock band known for its experimental instrumentation.
• Its 1986 song "Radio Head" was written by its lead singer, David Byrne.
• The song is the namesake of the band Radiohead.
• Radiohead is an English rock band.
• It is known for its melodic lyrics and experimental instrumentation.

The student wants to introduce Radiohead to an audience already familiar with Talking Heads and its song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Like Talking Heads, the band whose song gave it its name, the English rock band Radiohead is known for its melodic lyrics and experimental instrumentation.

B) The English rock band Radiohead took its name from a song written by Talking Heads, an American rock band active in the 1980s.

C) In addition to its melodic lyrics, the modern English rock band Radiohead is known for its experimental instrumentation, which was also a quality of an American rock band named Talking Heads.

D) Radiohead took its name from the 1986 song "Radio Head," which was written by David Byrne.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) is a form of additive manufacturing that utilizes light to rapidly cure liquid resin into high-quality, 3D objects.
• Step 1: Ultraviolet (UV) light images are projected up into a pool of liquid resin, where the object's first layer takes shape.
• Step 2: The partially cured resin object is raised, leaving a thin space (a "dead zone") beneath it for oxygen and liquid resin to flow through.
• Step 3: The UV light passes through the dead zone --- maintaining the flow of resin --- and partially cures additional layers of the object
• Step 4: When the resin object is complete, it is baked in an oven to complete the curing.

The student wants to describe how DLS cures 3D objects. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) DLS cures 3D objects by passing through a "dead zone," adding layers to the object, then curing the object in an oven.

B) In DLS, UV light is projected into layers of liquid resin until the resin solidifies and passes through a "dead zone," wherein the curing is completed.

C) In DLS, UV light images are projected into a liquid resin pool to cure a 3D object layer by layer, once solidified, the object is baked in an oven.

D) DLS is a form of additive manufacturing that creates a "dead zone" in which UV light solidifies layer by layer before being baked in an oven, creating a high-quality, 3D object.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• British scholar Robert Plot described fossilized dinosaur bones in his 1676 book The Natural History of Oxfordshire.
• Plot earned a reputation for being the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.
• In 1990, archaeologists in Lesotho, in southern Africa, discovered a fossilized phalanx of a Massospondylus carinatus dinosaur in a rare cave inhabited by humans.
• Indigenous Khoesan and Basotho peoples had inhabited the cave beginning around 1100 CE.
• According to paleontologist Julien Benoit, these peoples may have found the phalanx and brought it to the cave centuries before Plot's descriptions.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of the 1990 discovery to Plot's reputation. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Benoit challenged Plot’s reputation for being the first person to have discovered M. carinatus remains.

B) Evidence that Khoesan and Basotho peoples may have found an M. carinatus phalanx as long ago as 1100 CE suggests that Plot may not have been the first person to have discovered dinosaur remains.

C) According to Benoit's analysis of the 1990 discovery, Indigenous peoples in southern Africa may have brought the fossilized phalanx to the cave as long ago as 1100 CE.

D) In 1990, more than three centuries after Plot described in his book that he had found fossilized dinosaur bones, archaeologists uncovered evidence in southern Africa that disproved his claims.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Squirrel pelts were used as commodity money in medieval Russia.
• In a commodity money economy, specific goods act as a common unit of monetary exchange that can be used to buy and sell other goods.
• In a barter economy, goods are traded directly between parties without the use of money.
• Economists Bruce Champ and Scott Freeman: bartering requires that "the person with whom you wish to trade must not only have what you want but also want what you have. The inefficiency is apparent; a great deal of time is spent merely finding someone with whom to trade."
• Champ and Freeman: when "individuals might come to accept one particular good in exchange for others even if they do not wish to consume that good...barter economies essentially become monetary economies."

The student wants to paraphrase a quotation from Champ and Freeman to explain the inefficiency of barter economies. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The precise alignment of desires that barter economies require, Champ and Freeman contend, makes them inefficient.

B) Champ and Freeman argue that inefficient barter economies can become monetary economies if a good becomes a unit of exchange.

C) According to Champ and Freeman, the inefficiencies of barter economies become apparent when goods are traded between parties without the use of money.

D) In a barter economy, Champ and Freeman contend, goods are traded directly between parties without the use of money, leading to inefficiency.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Leaders of the Province of Guatemala proclaimed independence for Central America from the Spanish Empire on September 15, 1821.
• The accompanying Declaration of Independence was written by Honduran scholar and politician José Cecilio del Valle.
• The 1812 Spanish Constitution had provided some degree of independence for Central America, but it was repealed by the Spanish king in 1814.
• Valle, a loyal advisor to the Spanish Empire's administrators in Central America, had long opposed independence.
• He changed his mind after Colonel Rafael del Riego's 1820 revolt, which demanded the return of rights lost in 1814.

The student wants to place the 1821 Declaration of Independence in the context of Valle's changing political beliefs. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A change in Valle's political beliefs that occurred when the Spanish king repealed the 1812 constitution led to Valle writing Central America's Declaration of Independence.

B) Long an opponent of Central American independence, Valle changed his mind after an 1820 revolt and wrote the 1821 declaration.

C) The writing of Central America's Declaration of Independence may not have happened were it not for Colonel Riego's 1820 revolt.

D) Colonel Riego's revolt was the inspiration that Valle, a long-standing opponent of Central American independence, needed to change his political beliefs.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Melissa Cody is a Diné (Navajo) textile artist known for blending traditional Diné designs (stripes, zigzags, and diamond patterns) with nontraditional elements.
• Cody's work incorporates arrangements of shapes or text inspired by video game graphics and pop culture references.
• Cody: "I'm a child of '80s video game culture...I grew up with this world of pixelization."
• Cody: "The things we consider tradition now weren't considered tradition when they first came about."
• Her tapestry Only Love Can Break Your Heart features pop song lyrics in a blocky digital font over a jagged diamond pattern.
• Her tapestry Walking Off No Water Mesa features rectangular panes revealing a stylized landscape patterned by contrasting colored diamonds.

The student wants to connect a quotation to a particular nontraditional design element in Cody's work.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Cody's tapestry Only Love Can Break Your Heart features a jagged diamond pattern, a traditional design element that "we consider tradition now."

B) The pop song lyrics in a blocky digital font in Only Love Can Break Your Heart reflect Cody's childhood familiarity with blocky video game graphics—what she calls "this world of pixelization."

C) According to Cody, some elements of Walking Off No Water Mesa, such as contrasting colored diamonds, "weren't considered tradition when they first came about."

D) Cody's background as "a child of '80s video game culture" factored into her decision to blend traditional and nontraditional design elements in Walking Off No Water Mesa.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• When the electrons of a chemical element change energy states, certain wavelengths of light are released.
• This unique collection of wavelengths is known as the emission spectrum of the element.
• Titanium's emission spectrum includes the 430.5 nanometer (nm)wavelength.
• Krypton's emission spectrum includes the 583.2 nm wavelength.
• The violet portion of the visible spectrum is made up of light with wavelengths of 380-450 nm.

The student wants to specify the connection between titanium's emission spectrum and the violet portion of the visible spectrum. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The 583.2 nm wavelength, which is in the violet portion of the visible spectrum, is one wavelength in the emission spectrum of krypton.

B) Since the 430.5 nm wavelength of light is within the 380-450nm range, it is part of the violet portion of the visible spectrum

C) Containing the 430.5 nm and 583.2 nm wavelengths, respectively, both titanium's and krypton's emission spectra include wavelengths in the violet portion of the visible spectrum

D) Titanium's emission spectrum includes the 430.5 nm wavelength, which is in the violet portion of the visible spectrum.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Producing the nutrient-rich cyanobacterium L. maxima at industrial scale requires high-quality samples of L. maxima DNA.
• Yirlis Yadeth Pineda-Rodriguez and a team of researchers at the University of Cordoba, Colombia, evaluated the quantity and purity of L. maxima DNA extracted using three different DNA extraction kits.
• CTAB 2X (kit 1) had a DNA yield of 2,134 nanograms per microliter (ng/uL) and a purity ratio of 2.2.
• Pbact (kit 2) had a DNA yield of 157 ng/uL and a purity ratio of 1.6.
• Pplant (kit 3) had a DNA yield of 12.5 ng/uL and a purity ratio of 1.5.
• According to the researchers, Pbact was the most effective because it was the only one with both a sufficiently high yield and a purity rate close to the ideal of 1.8.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of a similarity between two of the kits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Compared to CTAB 2X, which had a DNA yield of 2,134 ng/uL, both Pbact and Pplant had insufficient yields; Pplant, in particular, was ineffective due to its low yield.

B) Due to their insufficient yield or purity, CTAB 2X and Pplant were deemed by the researchers to be less effective than Pbact.

C) With the ideal purity ratio being 1.8, CTAB 2X and Pbact were equal in purity, according to the researchers.

D) CTAB 2X and Pplant both had a DNA yield above 10 and a purity ratio above 1.4.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The farm-size transition hypothesis predicts that economic pressures associated with modernization result in smaller farms amalgamating into larger-scale commercial farms.
• Masters et al. (2013): The average farm size in Asia "already has or will soon begin to rise."
• Promkhambut et al. (2023) argue that small rice farms in Thailand have adopted modern farming methods without a significant scaling-up of farm size.
• Promkhambut et al.: "The persistence of [small] rice farms [in Thailand] does not represent a 'failure' to modernize...or a 'truncated' transition—it is a response to modernization."

The student wants to make and support a claim regarding the applicability of the farm-size transition hypothesis to Thailand.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Taken together, the studies by Masters et al. and Promkhambut et al. suggest that rice farms in Thailand have responded to the economic pressures associated with modernization by expanding in size.

B) The predicted shift to large-scale commercial farming may not hold true for rice farms in Thailand, where, according to Promkhambut et al., rice farms have remained small as they've modernized.

C) Masters et al. report that the average farm size "already has or will soon begin to rise" in Asia, a finding that is consistent with the farm-size transition hypothesis.

D) Although the farm-size transition hypothesis may be applicable to some countries in Asia, it is inconsistent with the development of rice farming in Thailand.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Shanawdithit (1801-1829) was a Beothuk cartographer (mapmaker).
• Her maps of Newfoundland's Beothuk Lake outline both the lake and various points around the lake where encounters between the Indigenous Beothuk people and British colonists occurred.
• Her maps are notable for depicting the experiences the Beothuk had within the landscape.
• Contemporary Potawatomi cartographer Margaret Pearce: Indigenous cartography emphasizes "experienced space, or place, as opposed to the Western convention of depicting space as universal, homogenized, and devoid of human experience."
• Pearce: "Indigenous cartographies are as diverse as Indigenous cultures, from Hawaiian performative cartographies to Navajo verbal maps and sand paintings."

The student wants to describe Shanawdithit's approach and explain its significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) By depicting experiences of the Beothuk that occurred around Beothuk Lake, Shanawdithit's maps reflect Indigenous cartography's emphasis on "experienced space, or place" rather than the landscape alone.

B) According to Pearce, Indigenous cartography, such as Shanawdithit's maps of Beothuk Lake, emphasizes "experienced space, or place," with a variety of approaches that reflect the diversity of Indigenous cultures

C) Shanawdithit mapped Beothuk Lake through significant encounters that occurred there, an approach that Pearce describes as "depicting space as universal [and] homogenized."

D) Shanawdithit's maps are part of a broader tradition of Indigenous cartography that, according to Pearce, ranges from "Hawaiian performative cartographies to Navajo verbal maps and sand paintings."